Goniewicz, M. Williams, M. Westenberger, B. Louis, MO: U. Flouris, A. Schripp, T. Pellegrino, R. Vardavas, C. Offermann, Bud. Manigrasso, M. Jensen, R. Konstantinos E. Mikheev, V. Bhatnagar, A. Lerner, C.
Are e-cigarettes less harmful than regular cigarettes? Can e-cigarettes help adults quit smoking cigarettes? Who is using e-cigarettes?
More information References. E-cigarettes come in many shapes and sizes. Most have a battery, a heating element, and a place to hold a liquid. E-cigarettes produce an aerosol by heating a liquid that usually contains nicotine—the addictive drug in regular cigarettes, cigars, and other tobacco products—flavorings, and other chemicals that help to make the aerosol.
Users inhale this aerosol into their lungs. Bystanders can also breathe in this aerosol when the user exhales into the air. E-cigarettes are known by many different names. What is in e-cigarette aerosol? The e-cigarette aerosol that users breathe from the device and exhale can contain harmful and potentially harmful substances, including: Nicotine Ultrafine particles that can be inhaled deep into the lungs Flavoring such as diacetyl, a chemical linked to a serious lung disease Volatile organic compounds Cancer-causing chemicals Heavy metals such as nickel, tin, and lead 1 It is difficult for consumers to know what e-cigarette products contain.
Nicotine is toxic to developing fetuses. Nicotine can harm adolescent and young adult brain development, which continues into the early to mids. Nicotine is a health danger for pregnant adults and their developing babies. However, e-cigarette aerosol generally contains fewer harmful chemicals than smoke from burned tobacco products. E-cigarettes can cause unintended injuries. Most explosions happened when the e-cigarette batteries were being charged. You can report an e-cigarette explosion, or any other unexpected health or safety issue with an e-cigarette, here external icon.
In addition, acute nicotine exposure can be toxic. Children and adults have been poisoned by swallowing, breathing, or absorbing e-cigarette liquid through their skin or eyes. Top of Page. What are the risks of e-cigarettes for youth, young adults, and pregnant adults?
E-cigarettes are the most commonly used tobacco product among youth. In the United States, youth are more likely than adults to use e-cigarettes. In , 2. More information. The devices and brands presented in this pamphlet are intended to highlight the different e-cigarette, or vaping, product generations and substances used in these devices. Federal regulation of e-cigarettes: Provides an overview of FDA regulations of e-cigarettes and other tobacco products.
The total carbonyls in exhaled e-cigarette aerosols were also not distinguishable from exhaled breaths or room air blanks. These results indicate that exhaled e-cigarette aerosol does not increase bystander exposure for phenolics and carbonyls above the levels observed in exhaled breaths of air. Electronic cigarettes e-cigarettes are products that became available to United States consumers in about [ 1 ].
Unlike conventional cigarettes that burn tobacco at high temperatures, e-cigarettes contain a liquid flavor solution e-liquid that is thermally vaporized by a battery powered heating element.
The e-liquids typically contain a mixture of aerosol forming components such as glycerin and propylene glycol, various flavors and, optionally, nicotine. Recently published studies have reported on the constituents of e-liquids and e-cigarette aerosols [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Constituents that have been identified in machine-generated e-cigarette aerosols and emissions in enclosed spaces [ 3 , 4 , 6 , 10 ], include the carbonyl compounds acetaldehyde, acrolein and formaldehyde [ 3 , 6 , 11 , 12 ].
The reported levels of these carbonyl compounds were lower than those of conventional cigarettes smoked under comparable conditions by one to two orders of magnitude. Riker, et al. All of these studies suggest that exposure to constituents in machine-generated mainstream e-cigarette aerosols would not exceed background, although such studies did not actually use exhaled e-cigarette aerosol from human subjects. Recent investigations have reported emissions of constituents in closed air chambers or in rooms having minimal ventilation with human subjects using e-cigarettes [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].
A study by Romanga, et al. A study by Schripp, et al. Several compounds, including carbonyls, were detected. A recent study with nine e-cigarette users puffing ad libitum in a room with air exchange found propylene glycol, glycerin and nicotine in the room air [ 18 ].
No increases above background were noted for formaldehyde, acetone or acrolein. These studies have explored the potential for bystander exposure from e-cigarettes, but that have not adequately addressed the chemical composition of exhaled e-cigarette aerosol. A simple mass balance and distribution of known constituents such as water, glycerin and nicotine has not been reported for exhaled e-cigarette aerosol.
The quantities of constituents such as phenolics and carbonyls in exhaled cigarette smoke relative to exhaled e-cigarette aerosol, and to a suitable blank of exhaled breaths of air is also lacking in the scientific literature.
The present study addressed these gaps with direct analyses of the quantities of phenolic and carbonyl compounds in the exhaled aerosols from human subjects using cigarettes and e-cigarettes without any dilution effects due to room volume or air exchange and determined mass balance and distribution of water, glycerin and nicotine in exhaled e-cigarette aerosols.
These data were compared with baseline levels in exhaled breath blanks to place the findings in the context of the known and common presence of some chemical constituents in indoor environments [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. The analytical methodologies used in this study have been applied to collection and measurement of constituents in exhaled cigarette aerosols [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ] and have been adapted to measure levels of phenolics and carbonyls in exhaled e-cigarette aerosols.
The conventional cigarette and the two e-cigarettes used in this study were all products with significant U. The products used in this study are shown in Figure 1. The e-cigarette products were obtained directly from the manufacturer.
Both of the disposable e-cigarette products utilize a flow activation design whereby the heating circuit is activated only during puffing. The e-liquid loadings were 1. Both e-cigarettes utilize 3.
All three samples were representative of commercially available consumer products at the time of the study. Exhaled aerosols from each of the products were captured on glass fiber filter pads. In addition to the exhaled aerosol from products, exhaled breath blanks were used to establish baseline values for the exhaled cigarette smoke and exhaled e-cigarette aerosol comparisons.
Blanks were obtained from each subject prior to the exhaled aerosol sessions by collecting their exhaled breaths. This study involved collection of exhaled aerosol from human subjects using conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes.
All sessions were conducted in a 40 m 3 conference room at the Eastcoast Research facility. All subjects were required to abstain from any tobacco product use for a minimum of one hour prior to the collection sessions. A total of thirty subjects were recruited for the study—ten subjects for each of the three products. The three analyte classes major components, phenolics and carbonyls studied in this work are listed in Table 1 along with the individual analytes.
The major components were selected to provide a mass balance distribution of water, glycerin and nicotine in exhalants from the three products. Some carbonyls have been reported in machine deliveries from e-cigarettes although at levels ten to hundreds of times less than in mainstream cigarette smoke [ 3 , 6 , 11 , 12 ].
A recent literature summary of e-cigarette chemical analysis also suggested the presence of o,m,p -cresols in the headspace of a single product [ 30 ]. Therefore, this work will also establish the levels of carbonyls and phenolics in exhaled aerosols from the cigarette, e-cigarettes and exhaled breaths.
A listing of the three classes of analytes—major components, phenolic and carbonyl and individual analytes measured in this study. Total particulate matter, TPM, for three MGB cigarettes and 99 puffs from the two e-cigarettes were all approximately mg under an intense puffing regime [ 29 ] and served as the basis for the puffing arrangement in this study.
Cigarette subjects used three cigarettes per session and e-cigarette subjects used a maximum of 99 puffs per session. Each subject used their preferred product in a total of nine sessions which provided three replicates per subject in the three analyte classes. Sessions were limited to a maximum of two hours in duration. This research utilizes modified ISO accredited conventional cigarette smoke analysis methods to quantitate select analytes in the exhaled aerosols from cigarettes and e-cigarettes.
The vacuum-assisted collection system employed in the present work has been previously described [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ] and used to quantify a number of different analytes in the exhaled smoke from conventional cigarettes.
A schematic of the collection system is shown in Figure 2. Schematic of the vacuum-assisted collection system for exhaled samples.
The single pad collection was used for analysis of phenolics and major components. The apparatus used for the collection of carbonyls included a second filter holder of identical dimensions in series with the first. The system incorporates a replaceable mouthpiece into which subjects exhale aerosol or breaths. The tube connecting the pad holder to the vacuum pump was vented to prevent aspiration through the pads when the subjects were not exhaling into the collection system.
Subjects covered the vent with a finger when exhaling into the system and then uncovered the vent between exhaled puffs or breaths. A variation of the collection system in Figure 1 was used in carbonyl sessions.
Two filter pads arranged in series and treated with a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine DNPH solution were used for carbonyl collection sessions to increase sensitivity for these compounds. Blanks for each participant were collected at the beginning of each session prior to collection of exhaled aerosol from the products. These blanks were performed to obtain baseline levels of analytes in their exhaled breath prior to collection of exhalates from the products. Blanks were collected by instructing the subjects to exhale normal breaths into the vacuum assisted collection system over a twenty-minute period—a maximum of 30 exhaled breaths for cigarette sessions and a maximum of 99 exhaled breaths for e-cigarette sessions.
In addition to exhaled breath blanks, a single replicate of room air was sampled with the collection system during each carbonyl session. Room air background levels of carbonyls were collected in the occupied conference room prior to carbonyl exhaled cigarette and e-cigarette usage sessions. Room air blanks were generated by pulling room air through DNPH treated pads with the vacuum-assisted collection system for 30 simulated exhaled puffs during cigarette sessions and 99 simulated exhaled puffs during e-cigarette sessions.
The simulated exhaled puff duration for room air blanks was 2—3 sec. After completion of the exhaled breath collections, pad holders with new pads were inserted into the collection system and the respective products presented to the subjects.
Cigarette smokers were presented with an unopened pack at the beginning of each session and instructed to light their cigarettes, puff normally and exhale their smoke into the collection systems.
Similarly, after e-cigarette subjects completing their exhaled breath collections, each subject received a new e-cigarette for the session. Subjects were instructed to take one test puff to verify nominal operation of their test products, puff normally and exhale their aerosol into the collection systems. Pad holders were capped upon completion of the collections and subjected to work-up within 40—60 min.
ISO methods for cigarette mainstream smoke were verified for use with exhaled aerosol matrices from cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Cartridge-based collections were investigated for carbonyls, but were not suitable for exhaled aerosol collections due to their high resistance to air flow and observed break though during method development.
Exhaled aerosol method verification involved spiking and recovery experiments over the response ranges with an emphasis on accuracy and precision at the method limits of quantitation. A summary of capabilities for the exhaled aerosol methods for e-cigarettes is provided in Table 2 as detection limits, quantitation limits, accuracy and precision. The limit of detection LOD , is defined as the lowest quantity of an analyte that can be distinguished from the background matrix.
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