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Exclusive Corporate feature. Corporate Account. Statista Accounts: Access All Statistics. Basic Account. The ideal entry-level account for individual users. Corporate solution including all features. Statistics on " Nuclear power in the U. In August the company announced: "The risks and uncertainties to initiating construction on the Lee nuclear project have become too great, and cancellation of the project is the best option for customers. In the Florida Public Service Commission approved a levy towards construction of the reactors, and in May the state government approved the project, with new transmission lines.
In February , TANE entered into an engineering, procurement and construction EPC agreement that would convert into a turnkey contract once the final decision to proceed with the project had been taken. The deal was conditional on a DOE loan guarantee being awarded to the project.
NINA was dissolved in COLs for each of the two units were issued in February In May , Toshiba announced its withdrawal from the project, stating that it was no longer financially viable.
Toshiba said its decision to exit the project was in line with its policy "to eliminate risk from the overseas nuclear power business, particularly from construction-related cost overruns in nuclear power plant construction projects. The DOE has granted permission to site the plant on the square km Idaho National Laboratory estate, reportedly in the southern part of it. Under this agreement UAMPS had ten years to begin operating the first module, and this will trigger a year lease for the plant.
The award represents around one-quarter of the development and construction costs over ten years. A COL application was made in and environmental approval was received in January In August Duke Energy resolved to terminate the EPC contract as "a result of delays by the NRC in issuing COLs for new nuclear plants, as well as increased uncertainty in cost recovery caused by recent legislative changes in Florida. In April Duke announced plans to build MWe of gas-fired capacity by instead of proceeding with the Levy County nuclear plant in the original timeframe.
Duke Energy Florida was planning to sell all the long-lead time equipment it had ordered by the end of , but it was in dispute with Westinghouse over EPC contract termination. The last estimated operational dates were , the delay being due to "lower-than-projected customer demand, the lingering economic slowdown, uncertainty regarding potential carbon regulation and current low natural gas prices. It would be a regulated plant, with guaranteed cost recovery.
In August Duke Energy cancelled the project, citing the Westinghouse bankruptcy and slowing energy demand, and said it would not maintain the licences. Dominion quotes MWe net summer capacity for the unit there. In May it agreed a construction contract with GE Hitachi and Fluor, conditional upon proceeding. Dominion said it will make a decision on building in due course, and hence it remains as 'proposed' according to the World Nuclear Association.
Dominion suggests start-up in if it proceeds. It is a regulated plant, with guaranteed cost recovery. Bechtel has joined the project as an equity partner to design, license and deploy it. The ESP was issued in December This was proceeding towards being granted at the end of Expansion of the plant would require raising the water level of Harris Lake by 6 metres, and relying on the Cape Fear River as backup cooling water.
In May the NRC concluded that there were no environmental considerations that would hinder the project. Luminant's loan guarantee application was accepted by DOE and it was understood that this was the first alternative to the four shortlisted projects, two of which are now not proceeding for the time being.
Meanwhile Mitsubishi has withdrawn as a joint venture partner. Exelon, merging with Constellation in which EdF has The design certification application was submitted in December and the design certification rule was expected after mid, with delays due to the complexity of digital instrumentation and control systems. Areva then delayed the NRC schedule and in March indefinitely suspended the application.
No reactor technology was specified. About 54 GWe of US nuclear capacity is in regulated markets, and 45 GWe in deregulated merchant markets, with power sold competitively on a short-term basis. In these liberalized markets, regional transmission organisations RTOs and independent system operators ISOs operate the grid, using free-market auctions and longer-term power purchase agreements under federal arrangements and rules.
See Nuclear Energy Institute's list of nuclear plants in regulated and deregulated states. In states with deregulated electricity markets, nuclear power plant operators have found increasing difficulty with competition on two fronts: low-cost gas, particularly from shale gas developments; and subsidized wind power with priority grid access. The imposition of a price on carbon dioxide emissions would help in competition with gas and coal, but this is not expected in the short-term.
Single-unit plants which tend to have higher operating costs per MWh are most vulnerable. The basic problem is low natural gas prices allowing gas-fired plants to undercut power prices. When there is oversupply, wind output is taken preferentially. According to Exelon, the main operator of merchant plants and a strong supporter of competitive wholesale electricity markets, low prices due to gas competition are survivable, but the subsidized wind is not.
Although wind is a very small part of the supply, and is limited or unavailable most of the time, it has a major effect on electricity prices and the viability of base-load generators. In May five Exelon reactors at three plants — Oyster Creek, Quad Cities and Byron — for the first time failed to clear the PJM capacity auction for three years ahead, , so did not receive capacity payments or an assured market for 12 months, despite having been a reliable basis of supply in New Jersey and Illinois for decades, and of zero-carbon sources.
Following the auction, FERC said it was actively considering ways it can ensure that base-load power sources, such as nuclear plants, are appropriately valued and their viability maintained in wholesale electricity markets. Exelon said that its nuclear units cleared a total of 13, MWe of capacity in the auction. While the continued operation of Quad Cities is ensured by newly-introduced legislation in Illinois, Exelon said that the TMI reactor, which entered service in , was at risk of early retirement.
Despite the higher price, just 19 GWe of nuclear cleared, a decrease of 7. FirstEnergy, despite announcing retirement plans for 4 GWe of nuclear capacity in March, was required to offer the units into the auction — but none cleared.
Exelon shut down TMI 1 in September Despite the lower price, nuclear utilities cleared an additional 4. In November Exelon said that its Clinton, Ginna and Quad Cities plants were at greatest risk of early retirement for economic reasons, with a question mark also over Byron. New York state is making similar provision for its upstate plants see below. Early in Entergy and the state of New York agreed that unit 2 of the Indian Point plant would close by the end of April , followed by unit 3 in April Its application for licence renewal of the two units was proceeding very slowly through the NRC review.
In September the NRC approved Entergy's request to shorten the term of renewed operating licences for units 2 and 3 to and respectively. Unit 2 closed on 30 April , and unit 3 on the same day a year later. In September Entergy announced that it will keep its Palisades nuclear plant in Michigan open until The company had previously announced in December that it planned to close the MWe net uni t in October due to economic factors in the partly deregulated market.
Three Mile Island 1 was shut down in September due to economic challenges see above. Although the unit had been licensed to operate until , Exelon had announced in May that it would be closed if policy reforms recognising nuclear as a low-carbon electricity producer were not enacted. In August , Exelon announced that it intends to retire its Byron and Dresden plants in Autumn Exelon also stated that its LaSalle and Braidwood plants were also at risk of premature closure.
Exelon subsequently announced that it was to refuel its Byron and Dresden plants. The Plan became effective in December , and states were to have until September to submit their plans to comply with the emission reductions, using various means including increased thermal efficiency by 2.
However, the majority of these measures were not included and the Clean Power Plan was heavily biased to wind and solar renewables. It allowed credit for new nuclear power plants and uprates to existing units, but would not credit the role of existing nuclear capacity, some of which is marginal economically in present market conditions.
Nor would it credit nuclear licence extensions on the same basis as new capacity. Some states were preparing legal challenges to the Plan, others remain committed to it. It would take several years under notice and comment rulemaking processes, and the main timeline under the Plan was in any case. The executive order rescinded several climate change measures. The plan was repealed in June On 20 January , the first day of the Biden administration, the country rejoined the agreement.
Pennsylvania is expected to join in A number of states are taking action to counteract problems with the markets, which the states do not control, to preserve values not recognized in the markets.
Entergy had announced the premature closure of its FitzPatrick nuclear plant in upstate New York by January , and Exelon had warned its Ginna and Nine Mile Point plants were at risk of closure for similar economic reasons. The NYDPS issued a white paper in January proposing 'zero-emission credits' ZECs for nuclear generators that would work in parallel with the tax credits that renewable sources receive, and provide the market signals necessary to warrant continued operation of these non-emitting plants.
In July the NYDPS put forward a proposal which would value the zero-emissions attributes of the upstate nuclear power plants i. The study also looked at accelerated removal of all used fuel over five years old into dry cask storage, but concluded that to do so would not provide significant safety benefits. In February a member 'Blue Ribbon' Commission BRC was appointed to evaluate alternatives to direct disposal in the Yucca Mountain geological repository and to suggest how the country should proceed with management of used fuel.
In a memorandum to the energy secretary 9 , President Obama said: "The commission should conduct a comprehensive review of policies for managing the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle, including all alternatives for the storage, processing, and disposal of civilian and defence used nuclear fuel and nuclear waste.
However, the commission's mandate is strategy, not siting. The review will "include an evaluation of advanced fuel cycle technologies that would optimize energy recovery, resource utilization, and the minimization of materials" — in other words, reprocessing and recycling as undertaken in Europe, Japan and prospectively in China.
The commission submitted its final report to Congress in January The report recommended a consent-based approach to siting future nuclear waste storage and disposal facilities. Secondly, responsibility for the USA's radioactive waste management programme should be transferred to a new organisation, independent of the DoE. Thirdly, the way in which the funds already paid into the Nuclear Waste Fund are treated in the federal budget should be changed to ensure they are used for their intended purpose.
The report also called for "immediate efforts to commence development of at least one geologic disposal facility and at least one consolidated storage facility, as well as efforts to prepare for the eventual large-scale transport of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste from current storage sites to those facilities.
In January the DOE published a report on consent-based siting process and considerations. A related proposal, already under discussion in the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, was an incentive programme, similar to those in Sweden and Finland, for communities willing to host a repository or reprocessing facility.
In January the DOE announced a new waste strategy based on the Blue Ribbon report, including setting up a new organisation to manage the siting, development and operation of the future waste stores, to be established with "an appropriate balance between independence It may take the form of a federal government corporation or an independent government agency.
It envisaged a 'pilot interim store' being operation in , with a priority on taking used nuclear fuel from current shut down power plant sites. By a larger 'full-scale interim store' would open, and by an underground disposal facility should be in place to permanently store and dispose of the material. The mandate for the new organisation would exclude reprocessing of used fuel. At the end of June a bipartisan bill was introduced into Congress to establish a new Nuclear Waste Administration, headed by a single administrator and overseen by a five-member board, which would take over responsibility from DOE for waste management.
These funds will be available to the Administration without further appropriation. The bill apparently did not pass. It would transfer responsibility for nuclear waste facility siting, licensing, construction, and management from the DOE to a new government agency, the Nuclear Waste Administration.
Secondly, it would create a new fee paid by utilities for nuclear waste management and disposal. The USA has a federal system of government with some powers and responsibilities carried out by states and municipalities, including the taxation and regulation of property and certain commercial activity within their boundaries. This means that, while the national government in Washington has primary jurisdiction with respect to most nuclear policy matters, states as well as local governments can have a significant impact on nuclear power use and capacity.
One consequential case in point is the state law enacted in California to prohibit the construction of new nuclear power plants until approval of a means to dispose of spent fuel. This measure, which is still in effect, has had an impact not only on the nuclear power industry, but also on the supply and price of electricity in the nation's largest state, which must 'import' much of its electricity and has suffered from a series of blackouts and brownouts since the early s see information page on California's Electricity.
States also have an impact on the nuclear power industry through the authority of state public service commissions that regulate the retail sale of electricity to consumers the federal government has jurisdiction over interstate wholesale rates, which are administered by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
The deregulation of electricity prices in many states in the late s led to industry consolidation as large power companies purchased plant in deregulated states that allowed them to increase margins by reducing costs and taking advantage of higher market prices see Ownership consolidation section in information page on Nuclear Power in the USA. Another notable example of the important role of states is found in the Nuclear Waste Act, which gives individual states veto power on locating a waste repository within their boundaries unless overriden by a vote of both houses of Congress.
This provision resulted in a series of legal and political challenges to the Yucca Mountain repository, and probably doomed the project. Finally, county governments have the power of levying property taxes, which makes them a key player in the siting of nuclear facilities. In , for example, Calvert County, Maryland, authorized tax credit incentives for the new reactor that is planned to be built at the Calvert Cliffs plant.
Public opinion regarding nuclear power has generally been fairly positive, and has grown more so as people have had to think about security of energy supplies. Different polls show continuing increase in public opinion favourable to nuclear power in the USA. More than three times as many strongly support nuclear energy than strongly oppose it.
Two-thirds of self-described environmentalists favour it. A series of Bisconti-GfK Roper surveys since showed that strong public support for nuclear energy was being sustained, with about two-thirds of people in favour of it, half of these strongly so. About three-quarters agree that US nuclear plants are safe and secure, and would support adding a new reactor at the nearest nuclear plant. Most respondents gave reliability, affordability and clean air top importance for electricity production, and strongly associate nuclear energy with those attributes.
Half of those surveyed self-identified as environmentalist. In general, a more informed public had a positive view of nuclear energy. Other figures were in line with previous surveys. Gallup considered that reduced concern about energy security accounted for the change.
In mid, a survey of 1, people living within 16 km of 64 nuclear power plants in the USA, but without any personal involvement with them, showed very strong support for new nuclear plants It was the third time since that this survey — commissioned by the Nuclear Energy Institute and conducted by Bisconti Research with Quest Global Research — was carried out.
The overall findings are slightly more positive than those in , where the researchers concluded that "Nimby not in my back yard does not apply at existing plant sites because close neighbours have a positive view of nuclear energy, are familiar with the plant, and believe that the plant benefits the community. The question about recycling used nuclear fuel was apparently not asked in The Additional Protocol in relation to this was signed in and ratified in , though arrangements to bring it into force were not completed until the end of While in NPT weapons states the Additional Protocol is largely symbolic, the State Department noted that US ratification "gives us a stronger foundation from which to encourage other states to adopt the Protocol.
The USA undertook nuclear weapons tests from to In the companion paper on US Nuclear Fuel Cycle , the use of military uranium and plutonium being for fuel is described. Accordingly, a few figures from a report on US plutonium for context: Only 3. This inventory, all owned by the DOE, comprised Plutonium declared surplus to defence needs and destined for use as power reactor MOX fuel was For FY through to , the Act authorized "such sums as are necessary. Should construction not be completed by this date, the Act directs the Energy Secretary to "submit to Congress a report establishing an alternative date for completion.
The loan guarantees provide government backing to loans which are therefore more readily available and at lower interest rates. They are ultimately funded by the borrowers through a fee and are expected to act as a catalyst and reduce financing cost by demonstrating government support for particular projects which have undergone thorough scrutiny by the DOE and its outside advisers.
The guarantees are not an actual appropriation and, therefore, do not represent an outlay of taxpayer dollars when the clean energy projects are successfully completed. The guarantees are designed to boost investor confidence and allow worthy projects to move ahead with financing on more reasonable terms that ultimately will lower the overall cost of electricity generated by those projects. It is located five miles east of Eunice, New Mexico. LES is so-called because its initial plans launched in were to build an enrichment plant in the State of Louisiana.
An October report prepared by the Near Term Deployment Group which comprised representatives of nuclear utilities, reactor vendors, national laboratories and academia for the DOE, A Roadmap to Deploy New Nuclear Power Plants in the United States by , 2 made a number of recommendations aimed at facilitating the construction of new nuclear plants by The report called on government support "in the form of leadership, effective policy, efficient regulatory approvals, and cost sharing of generic and one-time costs.
The recommendations to the government in the report, including those covered by the Nuclear Power programme, were incorporated into the Energy Policy Act of The report envisaged new nuclear plants, including gas-cooled reactors, coming online from However, as gas-cooled reactors had to overcome greater design-specific gaps than advanced light water reactors, the report noted that "implementation of a demonstration project, perhaps at a federal facility" was potentially required for gas-cooled technology.
While the October report envisaged operation by , the date for completion of construction of the NGNP given in the Energy Policy Act of is September see Note a above. Around the time of the act, this date for operation had been considered to be conservative — for example, one of the key intermediate objectives in the Department of Energy Strategic Plan 3 was: "By , a Next Generation Nuclear Plant prototype demonstrates efficient electricity and hydrogen production. In July , the DOE announced that it was seeking to move to the next stage of defining safety and functional requirements, cost estimates and schedules.
Phase I was to select and validate the HTGR technology and carry out conceptual design work to the end of The DOE noted that "NGNP will extend the application of nuclear energy into the broader industrial and transportation sectors, reducing fuel use and pollution. The Westinghouse team did not therefore participate in Phase 1 of the NGNP programme, although Westinghouse remains involved in other aspects of the programme.
The General Atomics consortium submitted its conceptual design for a MWt reactor in December , and early in it submitted a business model to DOE saying that the NGNP would not be competitive unless gas prices increased greatly.
Phase 2 of the NGNP programme would entail detailed design, obtain an NRC licence for construction and operation, and build and operate a demonstration plant.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission as of November , there were 23 shut down commercial nuclear power reactors at 19 sites in various stages of decommissioning.
At the end of , there were 94 operating reactors with a combined generation capacity of about 96, MW. From through , annual nuclear generation capacity and electricity generation increased each year even as the number of operating reactors declined.
Power plant uprates—modifications to increase capacity—at nuclear power plants have made it possible for the entire operating nuclear reactor fleet to maintain a relatively consistent total electricity generation capacity. Some reactors also increased annual electricity generation by shortening the length of time reactors are offline for refueling.
On December 2, , under the bleachers of the football stadium at the University of Chicago, Dr. Enrico Fermi initiated the first controlled nuclear chain reaction.
The experiment, conducted as part of the wartime atomic bomb program, also led to peaceful uses of the atom, including construction of the first U. Click to enlarge. Most U. Illinois has more reactors than any state 11 reactors at 6 plants , and at the end of , it had the largest total nuclear net summer electricity generation capacity at about 11, megawatts MW.
The two smallest operating reactors, each with a net summer generating capacity of about MW, are at the Prairie Island nuclear plant in Red Wing, Minnesota. Two new nuclear reactors are under construction in Georgia, each with a planned electricity generation capacity of about 1, MW. The Grand Coulee Dam in Washington has the most electricity generation capacity of any electric power plant in the United States—7, megawatts MW net summer capacity.
The Palo Verde nuclear power plant in Arizona, with three reactors, has the second-largest generating capacity—3, MW. Nuclear power plants generally use more of their electricity generating capacity on an annual basis than hydropower facilities.
In , Grand Coulee generated about 20 million megawatthours of electricity, while Palo Verde generated about 32 million megawatthours. The term power plant refers to an entire facility. A power plant may contain nuclear as well as non-nuclear electricity generating units. Each nuclear reactor located at a commercial nuclear power plant is unique and has its own personnel and equipment.
The reactor provides heat to make steam, which drives a turbine that, in turn, drives the generator that produces electricity.
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