And in many of these cases, board members are subject to confirmation by one or both houses of the legislature. Other boards play more limited regulatory or advisory roles. In most states boards oversee the licensing and regulation of numerous professions and business areas. In other states they advise the governor on areas of importance such as the environment and economic development. A large number of states provide for the independent selection of certain executive branch positions. Most noteworthy among these positions are lieutenant governor, secretary of state, attorney general, and treasurer.
The position of lieutenant governor exists in the overwhelming majority of states, where the position is most often filled by popular statewide election and jointly with the governor, although in a small number of cases the role of lieutenant governor is assigned by state law to another position in either the executive or legislative branch e. The positions of secretary of state, attorney general, and treasurer are all subject to statewide popular election in the majority of states, and at least one of the three is elected in most of the remaining states.
Governors generally have limited authority in the appointment of state comptrollers and pre and post audit department heads. The education department head is independently elected statewide in 14 states and is appointed—independent of gubernatorial approval—by a board or agency head in 20 states and two territories.
In most states and territories, the higher education head is appointed by a board independent of gubernatorial approval. A number of states also provide for the statewide election of one or more other department heads, among them public utility regulators and the heads of agriculture, labor, and natural resources departments.
As with governors, other statewide elected positions may be subject to age, citizenship, and state residency requirements, as well as term limits. In most states the cabinet fulfills two functions:. In a number of states, governors have created sub-cabinets to bring together agencies to address issues such as the needs of children.
Cabinet membership may be a product of appointment to a specific office or be subject to selection by the governor. Cabinet size, and the frequency of cabinet meetings and formality and extent to which a governor uses his or her cabinet for advice and assistance, varies among the states, commonwealths, and territories.
The authority for governors to issue executive orders is found in state constitutions and statutes as well as case law, or is implied by the powers assigned to state chief executives. Governors use executive orders—certain of which are subject to legislative review in some states—for a variety of purposes, among them to:. As chief executive, governors are responsible for ensuring their state is adequately prepared for emergencies and disasters of all types and sizes.
Most emergencies and disasters are handled at the local level, and few require a presidential disaster declaration or attract worldwide media attention. Yet governors must be as prepared for day-to-day events—tornadoes, floods, power outages, industrial fires, and hazardous materials spills—as for catastrophes on the scale of Hurricane Katrina or the September 11 terrorist attacks.
States focus on four stages of disaster or emergency management:. These components afford a useful rubric for thinking about the cycle of disasters and emergencies and for organizing recommendations for state action.
During an emergency, the governor also plays a key role in communicating with the public during an emergency, providing advice and instructions and maintaining calm and public order. State emergency management laws usually define how a governor may declare and end a state of emergency.
In some cases, the necessary response to a disaster is beyond the capacity of state and local governments. A state may petition the President to declare a major disaster. The declaration of a major disaster triggers a variety of federal programs depending on the scope of the disaster and the type of losses experienced. Special Address to the House by the Governor.
The Governor assents, withholds assent, or reserves for the consideration of the Bill passed by the Legislative Assembly. The Governor shall in respect of every financial year cause to be laid before the House….
No demand for a grant shall be made except on the recommendation of the Governor. Article 3. The Governor shall …….. The Governor may promulgate the Ordinances under certain circumstances. The Governor is consulted for appointment of Judges of High Court. The Republican lead in governorships was maintained for just over a decade until the midterm elections of ; in there were 28 Democratic governors to the Republicans' However, the Republican Party regained its national majority in the midterm elections.
Between and , the number of Republican governors continued to increase, reaching a high point of 34 following Gov. Each state has some constitutionally prescribed method for filling vacancies in the office of governor. In the 44 states with a distinct lieutenant governor , that individual is the first in the line of succession, with the notable exception of Arkansas.
Whether additional offices in the line of succession are named in the constitution or by statute varies among states. Among those states without a traditional lieutenant governor, the primary successor to the governor varies. Officers first in line to succeed the governor in case of a vacancy are:.
The officer serving in this dual role is first in the line of succession to the office of governor. Unlike most states, the lieutenant governors of Tennessee and West Virginia are not elected by voters but instead selected by the Tennessee General Assembly and West Virginia House of Representatives , respectively.
Overall, the constitutional rules for offices that are second in line for the governor's seat are more complex than rules for offices that are first in line. Common second-in-line offices include:.
However, seven states leave the decision open-ended, and another seven states do not mention rules for second-in-line successors. For more details regarding how gubernatorial vacancies are filled, click here. The office of the governor is a constitutionally mandated office in all states.
It is additionally statewide, directly elected, and part of the Executive branch in all 50 states. An individual who was elected governor but has not yet taken the oath of office is referred to as the governor-elect. Governors-elect do not yet have any of the powers or duties of the office, though they may be accorded some of the privileges and honors in anticipation of their taking office.
The office of governor is sometimes used as a springboard to the presidency. President Rutherford B. Hayes, former Republican Governor of Ohio , was the first sitting governor to be elected as President of the United States.
That year, , the Democrats also nominated a governor, Samuel Tilden of New York, to run for the office. Those 17 candidates come from only ten states. Four presidents have come from the gubernatorial office of New York, three from Virginia and two each from Ohio and Tennessee.
Approximately twice as many presidents have been governors at some point than have been senators. This is substantial since there are only half as many governors as senators at any given time. Twelve states held elections for governor in , including eleven regularly scheduled elections plus a special election in Oregon due to the February resignation of former Gov.
John Kitzhaber D :. Three states held scheduled gubernatorial elections in the electoral cycle: Kentucky , Louisiana and Mississippi. Phil Bryant of Mississippi won re-election. In Louisiana and Kentucky , both governors were term-limited. Both elections led to a party switch. Two states held regularly scheduled gubernatorial elections in the electoral cycle: New Jersey and Virginia.
Heading into the November election, Democrats held eight of the seats and the Republicans held three seats.
Six incumbents sought re-election, three retired and two were term-limited. Of the six who ran, four were Democrats and two were Republicans. The only party switch took place in North Carolina , where Lt. As of December , the number of Democratic governors in the country was at its lowest since After the November election, there were 29 Republican governors and 20 Democratic, with one Independent.
Three states, Kentucky , Louisiana and Mississippi , had regularly scheduled gubernatorial elections in the electoral cycle. A fourth state, West Virginia , held a special election following a court order.
Mississippi's Haley Barbour was prevented by term limits from running for re-election and his lieutenant governor , Republican Phil Bryant , won election as his successor. Thirty-seven gubernatorial elections took place on November 2, That added up to the largest block of states to choose governors in a single election year. Four states that make up almost one-fourth of the entire U. In 15 of the seats up for election, the incumbent could not run again because of term limits , leaving 22 seats guaranteed to be open to non-incumbents.
Of the incumbent but limited-out governors, eight were Democratic and seven Republican. When incumbents did choose to run, the primaries were good to them. Only in Nevada did an incumbent seeking re-election lose his own party's primary. One of the term-limited governors, Dave Freudenthal in Wyoming , at one point indicated he planned to challenge his state's term limits law; while he did win his legal battle to have the state's term limits invalidated, he eventually declined to run for a third term.
Praise or blame is extended to political parties for the economic, educational, health and other quality of life outcomes that result from the policies those parties enact into law. To better understand which political party enjoys power in each of the states, Ballotpedia has analyzed state government control from using the concept of a "partisan trifecta. The two major political parties claim that their policies will lead to better outcomes.
What does the data show? We identified the party holding each state's governorship for the majority of time in each year from through Across the country, there were years of Democratic governors The trifecta analysis over this period shows a notable trend toward one-party control of state governments. At the outset of the study period , 18 states had trifectas while 31 states had divided governments.
In , only 13 states had divided governments, while single-party trifectas hold sway in 36 states, the most in the 22 years we studied. The number of states with trifectas doubled between and The trifecta analysis also allowed us to identify seven states that have experienced dramatic changes in partisan state government control from the first 11 years of the study to the last 11 years of the study.
Studying the partisan composition of state governments as we do also allows a clean way to assess whether a state is "moving red" or "moving blue. Figure Visualization of Trifectas from -- Alabama-Missouri. The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Governor State Office.
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